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Full stop
In punctuation, the full stop (Commonwealth English) or period (American English) is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. The full stop glyph is sometimes called a baseline dot because, typographically, it is a dot on the baseline. This term distinguishes the baseline dot from the interpunct (a raised dot).
The full stop glyph is also used for other purposes. It is often used at the end of an initial letter used to stand for a name, and is sometimes used at the end of individual letters in an initialism (for example, "U.S.A."; see Acronym#Punctuation). It also has multiple contexts in mathematics and computing, where it may be called dot or point (short for ''decimal point'').〔
== History ==
The full stop symbol derives from the Greek punctuation introduced by Aristophanes of Byzantium in the 3rd century . In his system, there were a series of dots whose placement determined their meaning. The full stop at the end of a completed thought or expression was marked by the high dot ⟨˙⟩, called the ''stigmḕ teleía'' () or "terminal dot". The "middle dot" ⟨·⟩, the ''stigmḕ mésē'' (), marked a division in a thought occasioning a longer breath (essentially a semicolon) and the low dot ⟨.⟩, called the ''hypostigmḕ'' () or "underdot", marked a division in a thought occasioning a shorter breath (essentially a comma).〔 In practice, scribes mostly employed the full stop and the others fell out of use and were later replaced by other symbols. From the 9th century, the full stop began appearing as a low mark instead of a high one; by the advent of printing in Western Europe, the low mark was regular and then universal.〔
The name "period" is first attested (as the Latin loanword ''peridos'') in Ælfric of Eynsham's Old English treatment on grammar. There, it is distinguished from the full stop (the ''distinctio'') and continues the Greek "underdot"'s earlier function as a comma between phrases.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'', "period, ''n.'', ''adj.'', and ''adv.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2005.〕 It shifted its meaning to a dot marking a full stop in the works of the 16th-century grammarians.〔 In 19th-century texts, both British English and American English were consistent in their usage of the terms "period" and "full stop". The word "period" was used as a name for what printers often called the "full point" or the punctuation mark that was a dot on the baseline and used in several situations. The phrase "full stop" was only used to refer to the punctuation mark when it was used to terminate a sentence.〔 At some point during the 20th century, British usage diverged, adopting "full stop" as the more generic term, while American English continued to retain the traditional usage.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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